Cognitive control in depression : toward clinical models informed by cognitive neuroscience

Cognitive control dysfunctions are thought to contribute to the onset and maintenance of depression. However, the causes and nature of these dysfunctions remain unknown. Here, we critically review contemporary research on cognitive control in depression. We identify three main conceptual issues in this field: (a) uncritical use of the tripartite model, (b) reliance on descriptive explanations, and (c) lack of integration with emotional and motivational impairments. Recent advances in cognitive neuroscience offer possibilities to resolve these issues. We review this progress focusing on the ability to detect the need for control, the role of motivation, and the flexibility-stability balance. We propose that depression-related dysfunctions arise from issues in detecting when, how, and for how long to engage in goal-oriented processing. In conclusion, we argue that integrating advances in cognitive neuroscience into clinical research can help to move from a descriptive toward a more mechanistic understanding of cognitive dysfunctions in depression

Genome-wide Study Identifies Association between HLA-B*55 : 01 and Self-Reported Penicillin Allergy

Hypersensitivity reactions to drugs are often unpredictable and can be life threatening, underscoring a need for understanding their underlying mechanisms and risk factors. The extent to which germline genetic variation influences the risk of commonly reported drug allergies such as penicillin allergy remains largely unknown. We extracted data from the electronic health records of more than 600,000 participants from the UK, Estonian, and Vanderbilt University Medical Center's BioVU biobanks to study the role of genetic variation in the occurrence of self-reported penicillin hypersensitivity reactions. We used imputed SNP to HLA typing data from these cohorts to further fine map the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) association and replicated our results in 23andMe's research cohort involving a total of 1.12 million individuals. Genome-wide meta-analysis of penicillin allergy revealed two loci, including one located in the HLA region on chromosome 6. This signal was further fine-mapped to the HLA-B*55:01 allele (OR 1.41 95% CI 1.33-1.49, p value 2.04 x 10(-31)) and confirmed by independent replication in 23andMe's research cohort (OR 1.30 95% CI 1.25-1.34, p value 1.00 x 10(-47)). The lead SNP was also associated with lower lymphocyte counts and in silico follow-up suggests a potential effect on T-lymphocytes at HLA-B*55:01. We also observed a significant hit in PTPN22 and the GWAS results correlated with the genetics of rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. We present robust evidence for the role of an allele of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I gene HLA-B in the occurrence of penicillin allergy.Peer reviewe

Computer Aided Inspection Planning For Automation Of On-Machine Inspection Of Customised Milling Parts

Customised products force manufacturing systems to operate efficient at batch size one. Automation in upstream processes and on shop floor increase productivity. Besides value-adding processes, quality management to sustain product quality must be considered regarding automation and consistency from 3D model to the execution on shop floor. Computer aided inspection planning addresses the automation of measurement operations. The inspection planning starts with a customised 3D model and realises a simple execution of the measurement task on shop floor level. A method for implementation of computer-aided inspection planning for tactile on-machine inspection will be presented to realise potentials like tool deviation and work piece correction based on measurement results. The developed method focuses on ensuring automation of computer aided inspection planning and sets up the basis for a self-controlling manufacturing system of customised milling parts. A validation was performed at a manufacturing company for customised drilling tools and enabled less downtime and rework time for milling machines

DesignChain: Process Automation From Recording Of Customer Requirements To Production Release

Growing price pressure due to an increasing number of global suppliers, increasing individualization of products and ever-shorter development cycles are challenges facing the engineering industry. In this context, mass personalization represents the customized production of customer products with batch size one at the low unit costs of mass production. The possibilities of digitalization and automation of technical order processing open up the opportunity for companies to significantly reduce their complexity costs and lead times and thus increase their competitiveness. Many companies already use a range of simulation tools and configuration solutions but only as stand-alones. Often, the expert knowledge of employees is hidden in "knowledge silos" and is rarely networked across processes. The concept "DesignChain" will address these challenges by automating and digitalizing technical process planning from recording customer requirements to releasing a product to the shop floor. Configurators within DesignChain allow for mapping variant-rich products. This transformation of customer requirements into product properties makes it possible to generate even complex CAD models, such as models for large-scale equipment based on specific rules. An automated CAx chain will help to digitally transfer production-relevant documents to the shop floor for parts fabrication. This process, which can be fully automated, allows for the customized creation of variants based on current approval statuses

Precision Assessment of Tactile On-Machine Inspection for Milling Operations

The manufacturing industry faces customer demands for increased product quality and individuality to be economically successful. Established processes on the shop floor cannot overcome resulting challenges. Due to the increased quality requirements, potentially more products must be checked regarding their requirement fulfilment. In addition, customer individuality increases the number and rate of product releases. During product releases, the quality of the product is checked. Coordinate measuring machines are usually used for the quality assessment of milling processes. However, these are only suitable in the area of high quantities per batch due to downtimes of the milling machine while assessing product quality. On-machine inspection systems show particular strengths when a high proportion of the manufactured products have to be inspected and potentially reworked. These systems are criticized for their poor accuracy compared to coordinate measuring machines. This paper demonstrates the accuracy and repeatability of a tactile system in a field test at a tool manufacturer. Based on the test results, the tactile on-machine inspection system is compared with conventional coordinate measuring machines. Finally, the application area and its limits are identified for tactile on-machine inspection systems

Langfristprojektion des Fachkräftebedarfs in Deutschland, 2021-2040: Szenario "Fortschrittliche Arbeitswelt" (Annahmensetzung nach dem Koalitionsvertrag von 2021)

Das BMAS hat das QuBe-Kooperationsprojekt mit einem Fachkräftemonitoring beauftragt, das aus einer jährlichen Mittelfristprognose und einer regelmäßigen Langfristprojektion besteht. Für die "Langfristprojektion des Fachkräftebedarfs in Deutschland, 2021 bis 2040" wurde das Szenario "Fortschrittliche Arbeitswelt" entwickelt. Es baut auf der siebten Projektionswelle der QuBe-Basisprojektion auf. Das Szenario "Fortschrittliche Arbeitswelt" nimmt im Vergleich zur Basisprojektion zusätzlich an, dass die im Koalitionsvertrag zwischen SPD, Bündnis 90/Die Grünen und FDP für die 20. Legislaturperiode (KoaV, 2021) angestrebten Maßnahmen hinsichtlich der ökologischen Transformation und eines modernen Staates vollumfänglich umgesetzt werden. Insgesamt zeigt sich, dass die im KoaV (2021) beabsichtigten Maßnahmen zu einem langfristigen Arbeitsplatzaufbau beitragen können. Damit dies gelingt, müssen aber auch qualifizierte Arbeitskräfte in ausreichender Zahl zur Verfügung stehen. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, dass insbesondere eine Umsetzung der geplanten Maßnahmen im Bereich Integration, Anerkennung und Staatsbürgerschaft zu einem höheren Arbeitskräfteangebot beitragen können

Mittelfristprognose: Arbeitsmarktdynamik bis 2025

Die in diesem Bericht erstmalig vorgestellte Mittelfristprognose (Prognosezeitraum: 5 Jahre) schließt die Lücke zwischen der Engpassanalyse der Bundesagentur für Arbeit zur aktuellen Fachkräftesituation und den bisherigen Langfristprognosen für den Zeitraum von 10 bis 20 Jahren des Fachkräftemonitorings. In der Mittelfristprognose sind Bevölkerungs- und Konjunkturprojektionen aktueller als in der zu letzt veröffentlichten Langfristprojektion "Digitalisierte Arbeitswelt", dennoch geht diese vom selben langfristen Entwicklungspfad und zueinander konsistenten Annahmen aus. Neben einer neu entwickelten QuBe-Indikatorik zur Identifikation von Berufen mit potentiellen Handlungsbedarfen (Fokusberufen) wird in diesem Bericht der Gender Employment Gap als Indikator zur Identifikation von Frauen- bzw. Männerberufen erstmals vorgestellt.The medium-term forecast presented in this report for the first time (forecast period: 5 years) closes the gap between the Engpassanalyse (tool to identify skills shortages by occupationA) of the Federal Employment Agency (Bundesagentur für Arbeit) for the current situation and the previous long-term forecasts for the next 10 to 20 years of the Skilled Lobour Monitoring. In the medium-term forecast, population and economic projections are more up-to-date than in the long-term projection "Digitized world of work", yet the first assumes the same long-term development path and mutually consistent assumptions. In addition to a newly developed QuBe indicator for identifying occupations with potential mismatches (focus occupations), the Gender Employment Gap is presented for the first time in this report as an indicator for identifying female and male occupations

Die Auswirkungen der Klimaschutzmaßnahmen auf den Arbeitsmarkt und die Wirtschaft

In diesem Bericht werden die Auswirkungen des Klimaschutzprogramms 2030, des Klimaschutz Sofortprogramms 2022 und der Aufstockung Bundesförderung energieeffiziente Gebäude (BEG) vom 22.09.2021 für Arbeitsmarkt und Wirtschaft für den Zeitraum bis 2025 abgeschätzt. Ob die Maßnahmen geeignet sind, die Treibhausgasemissionen bis 2030 um 65 Prozent zu mindern, wird im Rahmen dieses Berichts nicht untersucht.This report estimates the effects of the Climate Protection Program 2030, the Climate Protection Immediate Action Program 2022 and the increase in federal funding for energy-efficient buildings of September 22, 2021 on the labor market and the economy for the period 2021 to 2025. This report does not examine whether the measures are likely to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 65 percent by 2030